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Tuning Hole-Injection in Organic-Light Emitting Diodes with Self-Assembled Monolayers.

Despoina Gkeka1,2, Iain Hamilton1, Thalis Stavridis3

  • 1KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

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Surface modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) using phosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) enhances organic light-emitting diode (OLED) performance. Specifically, the [2-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (I-2PACz) SAM significantly boosts luminance and external quantum efficiency in OLED devices.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Improving charge injection is crucial for efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
  • Surface modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) offers a route to tune work function and enhance carrier injection.
  • Developing SAMs with optimal characteristics for OLED applications remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To functionalize ITO with various phosphonic acid SAMs.
  • To evaluate the impact of these SAMs on ITO work function, molecular distribution, coverage, and conductivity.
  • To compare the performance of SAM-modified OLEDs against those using conventional hole-injection layers.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of ITO surfaces functionalized with different phosphonic acid SAMs.
Keywords:
hole-injectioninterlayersorganic-light emitting diodesself-assembled monolayers

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  • Characterization of SAM-modified ITO surfaces (work function, molecular distribution, coverage, conductivity).
  • Fabrication and testing of green phosphorescent OLED devices utilizing SAM-modified anodes.

    • Main Results:

    • The [2-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (I-2PACz) SAM significantly improved OLED performance.
    • Devices with ITO/I-2PACz SAMs achieved a maximum luminance of ~57,300 cd m⁻² and external quantum efficiency up to ~17%.
    • Performance enhancement is linked to the deep work function of ITO/I-2PACz (5.47 eV), I-2PACz molecular clustering, and the intrinsic dipole.

    Conclusions:

    • Phosphonic acid SAMs, particularly I-2PACz, are effective for surface modification of ITO to improve hole injection in OLEDs.
    • The I-2PACz SAM offers a superior alternative to conventional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) for hole-injection layers.
    • Synergistic effects of work function modulation, molecular organization, and dipole contribution drive the enhanced device performance.