Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Weighted Mean00:57

Weighted Mean

5.1K
While taking the arithmetic, geometric, or harmonic mean of a sample data set, equal importance is assigned to all the data points. However, all the values may not always be equally important in some data sets. An intrinsic bias might make it more important to give more weightage to specific values over others.
For example, consider the number of goals scored in the matches of a tournament. While computing the average number of goals scored in the tournament, it may be more important to...
5.1K
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

1.5K
Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
1.5K
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

6.4K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
6.4K
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

332
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
332
Arithmetic Mean01:08

Arithmetic Mean

13.8K
The arithmetic mean is the most commonly used measure of the central tendency of a data set. It is defined as the sum of all the elements constituting the data set, divided by the total number of elements. It is sometimes loosely referred to as the “average.”
When all the values in a data set are not unique, the sum in the numerator can be calculated by multiplying each distinct value by its frequency.
Sometimes, the arithmetic mean of a sample can be affected by a few data points...
13.8K
Graded Potential01:19

Graded Potential

3.8K
Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or...
3.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Overt Visual Attention in the Formation of Preference Between Complex Lottery Options.

Computational brain & behavior·2026
Same author

Perceived moral objectivity: Why some moral issues seem more objective than others.

Cognition·2026
Same author

Contrasting holistic-compensatory with probabilistic heuristic strategies in multi-attribute decisions.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same author

Within-alternative processing supports transitivity of preferences in multiattribute choice.

Psychological review·2025
Same author

The role of attention in multi attribute decision making.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Registered report: Does repetition increase the credibility of AI-generated images?

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2025

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.4K

Expecting to integrate additional information improves averaging of experience.

Guy Grinfeld1, Marius Usher2,3, Nira Liberman2,4

  • 1School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. guygrinfeld@mail.tau.ac.il.

Scientific Reports
|July 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Integrating social information with personal experience improves memory for averages. Expecting to combine communicated data with own experiences enhances the accuracy of recalling experienced values.

Keywords:
AbstractionAverage extractionInformation integrationLearning from experienceSocial learningVerbal communication

More Related Videos

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
08:13

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Published on: May 10, 2019

6.3K
A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2025

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.4K
Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
08:13

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Published on: May 10, 2019

6.3K
A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.5K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Cognition
  • Decision Making

Background:

  • Humans learn from both direct experience and social communication.
  • Integrating diverse information sources is crucial for prediction and choice.
  • The cognitive mechanisms underlying information integration are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the expectation of integrating communicated information affects the accuracy of representing personal experiences.
  • To determine if anticipating social input enhances the representation of experienced data averages.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk (Mturk) users.
  • Participants estimated the mean of rapidly presented number sequences representing crowdsourcing bonuses.
  • One group expected to integrate these values with subsequent verbal information, while the control group did not.

Main Results:

  • Participants who anticipated integrating communicated information showed greater accuracy in estimating the means of experienced values.
  • The expectation of information integration led to a more precise representation of the average of experienced exemplars.
  • This effect suggests a cognitive benefit associated with preparing to combine different knowledge sources.

Conclusions:

  • The expectation of integrating experience with additional information enhances the accuracy of representing personal experiences.
  • This finding highlights the role of abstract representation in processing and recalling experienced data.
  • The observed effect may generalize to various forms of information integration beyond social communication.