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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Updated: Jun 20, 2025

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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IL-21 Shapes the B Cell Response in a Context-Dependent Manner.

Youngjun Kim, Francesca Manara, Simon Grassmann

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |July 19, 2024
    PubMed
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    Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has a dual role in B cells, inducing apoptosis in naive cells but promoting proliferation in activated B cells, crucial for antibody responses.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Cell Biology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T cell-derived cytokine vital for germinal center (GC) reactions.
    • The specific functions of IL-21 signaling within B cells are not fully understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the B cell-intrinsic functions of IL-21 signaling.
    • To investigate the impact of IL-21 receptor (Il21r) deletion on B cell responses.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a novel conditional knock-out mouse model lacking Il21r in B cells.
    • Employed ex vivo B cell culture systems.
    • Analyzed B cell populations and antibody responses in vivo after immunization.

    Main Results:

    • IL-21 induced Bim-dependent apoptosis in naive B cells but promoted proliferation in pre-activated B cells, especially IgG1+ B cells.
    • B cell-specific Il21r deletion caused significant defects in IgG1 responses and impaired transition to the germinal center state.
    • Il21r deficiency reduced IgG1+ B cells in plasmablast/plasma cell populations but not within germinal center B cells.

    Conclusions:

    • IL-21 signaling exhibits context-dependent effects on B cell fate, influencing both apoptosis and proliferation.
    • IL-21 is a critical regulator of B cell differentiation and antibody production, particularly for IgG1 responses.