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This study introduces a periodic level set function for designing electromagnetic metasurfaces, improving computational efficiency and electromagnetic responses compared to traditional methods. Optimized metasurfaces were manufactured and tested, demonstrating real-world performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Electromagnetics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Global optimization is preferred for designing electromagnetic structures like metasurfaces.
  • Efficient parameterization is crucial for optimization convergence and computational efficiency.
  • Continuous design spaces benefit optimization algorithms, though physical variables are often discrete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate level set functions for continuous material distribution design in metasurface arrays.
  • To introduce an improved parameterization: the periodic level set function.
  • To compare the level set method with fragmented parameterization for electromagnetic responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized level set functions for continuous basis in material distribution design.
  • Introduced and explored the periodic level set function parameterization.
  • Investigated alternate norms and a new pseudo-inverse technique for upsampling basis coefficients.
  • Compared level set method against fragmented parameterization for narrowband and broadband objectives.
  • Manufactured an optimized level set metasurface for experimental validation.

Main Results:

  • The periodic level set function demonstrated improved electromagnetic responses compared to fragmented parameterization.
  • The method showed effectiveness for both narrowband and broadband electromagnetic objectives.
  • Experimental measurements of the manufactured metasurface validated the simulated performance.

Conclusions:

  • Level set functions offer a robust and efficient continuous basis for metasurface design.
  • The periodic level set function parameterization enhances optimization and performance.
  • The developed method is validated through experimental manufacturing and measurement, confirming its practical applicability.