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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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Expression and Function of Long Non-coding RNA in Endemic Cretinism.

Yanhong He1,2,3, Jianshuang Li1,2,3,4, Yun Chen1,2,3

  • 1Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China.

Molecular Neurobiology
|July 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study identifies novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression changes in endemic cretinism (EC). Elevated LINC01220 and IDO1 levels suggest their potential role in EC pathogenesis.

Keywords:
IDO1Endemic cretinismIodine deficiencyRNA-seq

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Endemic cretinism (EC) is a severe iodine deficiency disorder with unclear genetic contributions.
  • Neurodevelopmental impairments and mental deficits are characteristic symptoms of EC.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of EC is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential expression profiles of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) in endemic cretinism (EC).
  • To identify potential molecular players and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of EC.
  • To explore the interaction between lncRNAs and mRNAs in EC patients.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to analyze lncRNA and mRNA expression.
  • Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses were performed for functional annotation.
  • Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were utilized for validation.

Main Results:

  • A total of 864 lncRNAs and 393 mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between EC patients and controls.
  • The PPI network revealed key protein-coding genes, with LINC01220 and its target mRNA IDO1 showing statistically elevated levels in EC patients.
  • The regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential and the Rap1 signaling pathway were implicated in EC pathophysiology.

Conclusions:

  • Differentially expressed lncRNAs, particularly LINC01220, represent potential novel players in the pathogenesis of EC.
  • The interaction between LINC01220 and IDO1 may contribute to the development of EC.
  • These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying EC.