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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral

Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral

Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
Enteral administration involves drug administration via the mouth in two ways: orally or sublingually.
Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...

Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

The physicochemical characteristics of drugs play a crucial role in formulating stable and bioavailable drug products. The solubility of a drug, governed by the varying pH along the GI tract and its dissociation constant (pKa), is pivotal in determining its ionization state and absorption rate. Notably, weak acids and bases remain unionized and are absorbed more rapidly.
Enhanced drug absorption can be achieved by reducing particle sizes and increasing surface areas, thereby facilitating...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2025

Targeted Plasma Membrane Delivery of a Hydrophobic Cargo Encapsulated in a Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Carrier

Targeted Plasma Membrane Delivery of a Hydrophobic Cargo Encapsulated in a Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Carrier

Published on: February 8, 2017

Ionic liquid-based formulation approaches for enhanced transmucosal drug delivery.

Omar Khan¹, Rohit Bhawale¹, Ravindra Vasave¹

¹Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Drug Discovery Today

|July 20, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquids (ILs) enhance drug delivery by improving solubility and permeability across mucosal surfaces. These adaptable compounds offer controlled release and prolonged retention for pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords:

aqueous solubility biocompatibility ionic liquid mucosa permeation enhancer transmucosal drug delivery

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Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Science
Materials Science

Background:

Ionic liquids (ILs) offer unique tunable properties for advanced pharmaceutical applications.
Traditional drug delivery faces challenges like poor solubility, permeability, and efficacy, especially in topical and transmucosal systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To classify ionic liquids and review their role in enhancing transmucosal drug delivery.
To explore how ILs improve active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) solubility and permeability.
To discuss ILs' potential in mucus modulation for improved paracellular transport and controlled drug release.

Main Methods:

Classification of various ionic liquids.
Review of studies demonstrating ILs' effect on drug solubility and permeability.
Analysis of ILs' impact on mucus properties and drug retention times.

Main Results:

Ionic liquids effectively improve the solubility and permeability of APIs.
ILs facilitate controlled drug release through temporary mucus modulation and enhanced paracellular transport.
Prolonged drug retention is achieved across various mucosal surfaces using IL-based formulations.

Conclusions:

Ionic liquids represent a promising class of compounds for overcoming limitations in mucosal drug delivery.
IL-based formulations offer significant potential for developing advanced topical and transmucosal drug delivery systems.
Future research should focus on further exploring and optimizing IL applications in pharmaceutical drug delivery.