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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.

Entropy

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...

Third Law of Thermodynamics

Third Law of Thermodynamics

A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...

Entropy and Solvation

Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2025

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Irreversible entropy transport enhanced by fermionic superfluidity.

Philipp Fabritius¹, Jeffrey Mohan¹, Mohsen Talebi¹

¹Institute for Quantum Electronics & Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

|July 22, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Particle and entropy flow in superfluids is complex. This study reveals large, nonlinear entropy transport, exceeding theoretical predictions and showing superfluidity can accelerate heat transfer.

Keywords:

Bose-Einstein condensates Phase transitions and critical phenomena Quantum fluids and solids

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2025

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

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Published on: January 16, 2016

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Fluids
Thermodynamics

Background:

Superfluid and superconductor properties are linked to entropy-free wavefunctions.
Non-equilibrium behavior and entropy flow in superfluids remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate particle and entropy flow between fermionic superfluids.
Characterize nonlinear responses to chemical potential and temperature gradients.
Develop a model for nonlinear entropy transport dynamics.

Main Methods:

Experimental observation of concurrent particle and entropy flow.
Utilizing a ballistic channel connecting two fermionic superfluids.
Analysis of transport properties under varying biases and channel geometries.

Main Results:

Observed large, nonlinear particle and entropy currents.
Entropy transported per particle significantly exceeds linear hydrodynamic predictions.
Superfluidity was found to enhance entropy transport speed, contrary to intuition.
Transport timescales showed geometric dependence, unlike net entropy per particle.

Conclusions:

Current understanding of superfluid hydrodynamics is insufficient for nonlinear regimes.
A phenomenological model based on generalized gradient dynamics was developed.
The experimental method offers a new way to study heat transfer in quantum devices.