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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...

Prodrugs

Prodrugs

Prodrugs are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that undergo a biotransformation process within the body to be converted into a pharmacologically active drug. Prodrugs are designed to improve the therapeutic properties of the parent drug, such as enhancing bioavailability, increasing stability, or reducing toxicity. The concept of prodrugs revolves around modifying the chemical structure of the original drug to make it more effective or convenient for administration.
Prodrugs help overcome...

Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

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Advanced drug delivery technologies for postmenopausal effects.

Shadab Md¹, Sabna Kotta¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society

|July 22, 2024

Summary

Advanced drug delivery systems (ADDSs) offer targeted solutions for managing postmenopausal effects (PMEs). This review highlights ADDSs, emerging trends like artificial ovaries, and future technologies for personalized PME therapies.

Keywords:

Artificial ovaries Drug delivery Hormone replacement therapy Menopause Postmenopausal effects

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Published on: August 23, 2024

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Biomaterials Science
Pharmacology

Background:

Postmenopause, defined by a 12-month cessation of menstruation, involves significant hormonal shifts (decreased estrogen and progesterone).
These hormonal changes precipitate various physical and psychological symptoms, including hot flashes, mood disturbances, sleep issues, and dermatological alterations.
Current management strategies encompass hormone replacement therapy, non-hormonal medications, lifestyle adjustments, and specialized treatments for bone health and vaginal symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role and advancements of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems (ADDSs) in managing postmenopausal effects (PMEs).
To explore emerging therapeutic trends, such as artificial ovaries, for postmenopausal symptom management.
To discuss the potential of innovative technologies like 3D/4D printing and artificial intelligence in personalizing PME treatments.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review focusing on ADDSs for PMEs.
Analysis of emerging technologies and their application in postmenopausal care.
Exploration of future therapeutic strategies and technological integrations.

Main Results:

ADDSs demonstrate significant potential for targeted and controlled delivery of therapeutics to alleviate PMEs.
Emerging technologies like artificial ovaries present novel avenues for hormone restoration and symptom management.
Additive manufacturing and AI offer promising capabilities for customized and precise therapeutic interventions.

Conclusions:

ADDSs are crucial for effective and improved management of postmenopausal symptoms.
Future research should focus on integrating advanced technologies to create personalized and efficient therapeutic strategies for postmenopause.
The convergence of ADDSs, novel biological approaches, and digital technologies promises to revolutionize postmenopausal care.