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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

406
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes: An Autoinflammatory Disease.

Zoe Quandt1, Ana Perdigoto2,3, Mark S Anderson1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
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Cancer immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints can cause autoimmune diabetes. Preexisting genetic risks and autoantibodies, along with elevated lipase, may predict this side effect, particularly with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are advanced cancer treatments.
  • A significant side effect is immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced diabetes (CPI-DM), an autoimmune condition.
  • Understanding risk factors for CPI-DM is crucial for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of preexisting autoimmune risk factors in the development of CPI-DM.
  • To identify clinical and genetic markers associated with CPI-DM.
  • To explore the pancreatic inflammatory process in CPI-DM.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of patient data including genetic predispositions and autoantibody profiles.
  • Monitoring of clinical findings, such as lipase levels, before CPI-DM diagnosis.
  • Correlation of adverse events with specific immune checkpoint blockade, particularly PD-1/PD-L1.

Main Results:

  • Preexisting autoimmune disease risk, identified through genetics and autoantibodies, is linked to CPI-DM.
  • Elevated lipase levels precede CPI-DM diagnosis, indicating broader pancreatic inflammation.
  • The adverse event shows selectivity for programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic and autoantibody screening may help identify patients at risk for CPI-DM.
  • Elevated lipase is a potential early indicator of pancreatic involvement in CPI-DM.
  • The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway plays a specific role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes induced by ICIs.