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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Infertility in Males01:23

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Plutonormativity: Illuminating Inequities in Assisted Reproduction and Genetics.

Josephine Johnston

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    |July 23, 2024
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    Summary

    Genetic testing can guide reproductive choices, but hidden costs create inequities. The proposed term "plutonormativity" addresses the assumption of wealth in healthcare policies, impacting access to genetic reproductive planning.

    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Reproductive Health
    • Bioethics

    Background:

    • Genetic testing, including sequencing, offers valuable insights for reproductive decision-making.
    • However, the financial implications of these advanced genomic technologies are often overlooked.
    • This oversight can lead to disparities in accessing crucial reproductive health information.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and define the term "plutonormativity."
    • To analyze how plutonormative assumptions affect access to genomics-enabled reproductive planning.
    • To highlight the inequities stemming from the unacknowledged financial barriers in genetic testing.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptual analysis and definition of a new term, "plutonormativity."
    • Examination of existing literature and discourse on genetic testing and reproductive planning.

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  • Case study analysis focusing on the context of genetic testing for reproductive decisions.

    • Main Results:

    • Genetic testing's benefits for reproductive planning are often presented without acknowledging associated out-of-pocket expenses.
    • "Plutonormativity" describes the societal assumption of wealth that underpins policies and practices, creating barriers.
    • These financial barriers disproportionately affect individuals with limited resources, limiting access to genetic information.

    Conclusions:

    • The widespread assumption of financial capacity in healthcare, termed plutonormativity, hinders equitable access to genetic reproductive planning.
    • Addressing plutonormativity is crucial for ensuring that the benefits of genomic technologies are accessible to all individuals.
    • Further research and policy changes are needed to mitigate financial inequities in genetic healthcare services.