Evaluating the conduct and reporting of the T-cell dependent antibody response in the Extended One-Generation...

The European Union (EU) Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability regards chemicals that affect the immune system among the most harmful ones. The Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity study (EOGRTS; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline (TG) 443), addresses, among others, potential effects of chemicals on development. In specific cases, the EOGRTS is performed with addition of a so-called cohort 3, that addresses potential effects on the developing immune system, by means of a central assay measuring the T-cell dependent antibody response (TDAR). This assay is based on an interplay of antigen presentation, T-cell help and antibody production by B-cells, and together comprises a functional immune response. In the context of the EOGRTS review project of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), we evaluated 15 available TDARs for compliance with conduct and reporting requirements. Collectively, the majority of the TDAR studies were considered to be adequately conducted. We however observed: (i) the protocols differed by the antigen used (sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or KLH), the route of administration (intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous), prime or prime/boost immunizations, and whether IgG was measured. (ii) There was major variation in the effects of the positive control for immunosuppression, cyclophosphamide. (iii) Proficiency was not always shown. (iv) Statistical analysis was not always done or reported. (v) Results of effects on lymphocyte populations or other immunotoxicity observations obtained in cohort 1 (or 2) of the EOGRTS were not always discussed together with results of the TDAR. Taken together, next to an improved quality of reporting, this may suggest a need to better define the conduct of the TDAR in OECD TG 443 and OECD Guidance Document (GD) 151, at least for certain aspects.