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Related Concept Videos

Stereotype Content Model02:16

Stereotype Content Model

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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
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The representative heuristic describes a biased way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something. For example, you may assume that your professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with your stereotypes of professors.
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2025

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
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Stereotypes as Bayesian prediction of social groups.

Prachi Solanki1, Joseph Cesario1

  • 1Michigan State University.

The Journal of Social Psychology
|July 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Stereotypes function as conditional probabilities, aligning with Bayesian predictions. People

Area of Science:

  • Social psychology
  • Cognitive science
  • Bayesian modeling

Background:

  • Stereotypes are generalizations used for probabilistic predictions about individuals.
  • The cognitive basis of stereotypes, particularly their alignment with probabilistic reasoning, remains an area of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether social stereotypes can be understood as conditional probabilities following Bayesian principles.
  • To test if human judgments of social categories align with Bayes' rule predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Replication and extension of previous research on stereotypes and Bayesian reasoning.
  • Conducted three studies with a total of 2,652 participants.
  • Analyzed participants' direct posterior predictions for social categories and traits.
Keywords:
Bayesian judgmentsdecision-makingstereotypes

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Main Results:

  • People's judgments of social categories demonstrated Bayesian alignment, matching predictions from Bayes' rule.
  • Traits with high diagnostic ratios effectively distinguished between stereotypic and non-stereotypic attributes across social categories.
  • Explored the influence of cognitive ability, political orientation, and motivated cognition on stereotyping.

Conclusions:

  • Social stereotypes appear to function as conditional probabilities consistent with Bayesian inference.
  • The diagnostic ratio of traits is a key factor in distinguishing stereotypic from non-stereotypic representations.
  • Further research should examine cognitive and motivational factors influencing these Bayesian stereotype representations.