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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing
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Can Multisensory Olfactory Training Improve Olfactory Dysfunction Caused by COVID-19?

Gözde Filiz1, Simon Bérubé2, Claudia Demers2,3

  • 1Department of Anatomy, 14847Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada.

Multisensory Research
|July 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Classical olfactory training significantly improved smell dysfunction after COVID-19, outperforming multisensory approaches. Both training types aided olfactory function, but only classical training showed a notable advantage over the control group.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) affects 30-60% of COVID-19 survivors, with 15-20% experiencing persistent symptoms.
  • Olfactory training has shown promise for viral-induced OD, but the efficacy of multisensory approaches remains under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of multisensory olfactory training (involving smell, taste, and vision) against classical olfactory training for persistent post-COVID-19 OD.
  • To evaluate the impact of these training methods on olfactory function and quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • 68 participants with persistent post-COVID-19 OD were randomized into three groups: classical olfactory training, multisensory olfactory training, or a control group.
  • Training involved smelling specific odorants (classical) or experiencing congruent olfactory, gustatory, and visual stimuli (multisensory) twice daily for 12 weeks.
  • Olfactory function and quality of life were assessed pre- and post-intervention.

Main Results:

  • Both classical and multisensory olfactory training groups demonstrated significant improvements in olfactory function compared to baseline.
  • No significant differences in quality of life improvements were observed between the intervention groups.
  • Classical olfactory training yielded a significantly greater improvement in olfactory function compared to the control group.

Conclusions:

  • Both classical and multisensory olfactory training can be beneficial for improving olfactory function in individuals with post-viral OD.
  • Classical olfactory training appears to be a more robust intervention for enhancing olfactory function compared to multisensory training and the control.
  • Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects and potential benefits of multisensory training on quality of life.