Odor-evoked respiratory responses throughout development in sighted and blind mice

Congenital blindness affects olfactory function depending on the developmental stage. However, when studying the ontogeny of olfactory abilities, not all behaviors are expressed at every age making the longitudinal comparisons difficult. Odor-evoked respiratory responses, which are unlearned and do not require complex motor coordination, may serve as sensitive measures of olfactory abilities throughout ontogeny. Using a noninvasive measure of respiration in an olfactory perceptual paradigm, we assessed odor-evoked respiratory responses in a model of congenital blindness at 3 ages, infant, juvenile, and adult, in the same mice and in both males and females. We demonstrated the differential outcome of 2 respiratory parameters (i.e. frequency and amplitude) in a mouse model of congenital blindness. We showed that blind mice have similar olfactory abilities than sighted mice throughout ontogeny but display enhanced sniffing frequency and amplitude, starting at the juvenile age for the latter one, that may help them better explore their environment. We also demonstrated that respiratory frequency is a robust index of age and of olfactory detection, habituation, and discrimination at all ages. On the other side, the respiratory amplitude does not provide a proxy of olfactory performance at all ages, however, it does highlight differences between sexes and phenotypes associated with visual deprivation. To conclude, our data highlight that respiratory parameters can be used as a complementary approach to assess olfactory performance throughout development and provide an index of olfactory plasticity.