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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Updated: May 20, 2025

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Odor localization in structural interhemispheric deficits.

Keven Lapointe1, Sabrina Suffren2, Maryse Lassonde3

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada.

Chemical Senses
|April 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The corpus callosum (CC) is crucial for localizing odors, as demonstrated by individuals with CC deficits. Compensatory mechanisms may exist in some cases, preserving odor localization abilities.

Keywords:
commissural deficitslateralizationolfactionstructural connectivitytrigeminal system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Systems Biology
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Olfactory information processing is predominantly ipsilateral, unlike other sensory systems.
  • Odor localization using inter-nostril differences is typically challenging under controlled conditions.
  • The anatomical basis for interhemispheric communication in olfaction remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify anatomical structures essential for odor localization.
  • Investigate the specific role of interhemispheric communication, particularly the corpus callosum (CC), in olfactory processing.
  • Determine if structural interhemispheric deficits impact odor localization abilities.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed odor localization of pure olfactory and mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimuli.
  • Studied 6 participants with structural interhemispheric deficits (corpus callosum (CC) agenesis/transection, with one also lacking the anterior commissure (AC)).
  • Compared performance of participants with deficits to 46 healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • Three participants with interhemispheric deficits were unable to localize either stimulus.
  • Two participants with deficits showed significantly better-than-chance localization for both stimulus types.
  • One participant with deficits localized mixed stimuli accurately but pure olfactory stimuli poorly, similar to typical control performance.

Conclusions:

  • The corpus callosum (CC) plays a significant role in the interhemispheric communication required for chemosensory stimulus localization.
  • Absence of the CC significantly impairs odor localization, confirming its importance.
  • Individual differences in performance suggest potential compensatory mechanisms in cases of agenesis of the CC.