Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

16.7K
Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
16.7K
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

26.0K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
26.0K
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

56.3K
Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
56.3K
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

6.8K
PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
6.8K
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

6.1K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
6.1K
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

8.5K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
8.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Orthologs of an essential orphan gene vary in their capacities for function and subcellular localization in Drosophila melanogaster.

Molecular biology and evolution·2026
Same author

Studying the evolutionary potential of ancestral aryl sulfatases in the alkaline phosphatase family with droplet microfluidics.

The Analyst·2026
Same author

Cryptocercus Genomes Expand Knowledge of Adaptations to Xylophagy and Termite Sociality.

Genome biology and evolution·2026
Same author

Emergence and evolution of protein-coding de novo genes.

Nature reviews. Genetics·2026
Same author

De Novo Gene Emergence: Summary, Classification, and Challenges of Current Methods.

Genome biology and evolution·2025
Same author

DeNoFo: a file format and toolkit for standardized, comparable de novo gene annotation.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2025

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
10:21

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Published on: February 1, 2019

8.3K

How antisense transcripts can evolve to encode novel proteins.

Bharat Ravi Iyengar1, Anna Grandchamp2,3, Erich Bornberg-Bauer2,4

  • 1Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, Münster, Germany. b.ravi@uni-muenster.de.

Nature Communications
|July 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New protein-coding genes can arise from non-coding RNA. Antisense overlap with existing genes promotes the emergence and retention of these novel open reading frames (ORFs), particularly in specific reading frames.

More Related Videos

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
09:04

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

9.5K
Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 HIV-1 Antisense Protein ASP RNA Transcripts in Patients by Strand-Specific RT-PCR
08:01

Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 HIV-1 Antisense Protein ASP RNA Transcripts in Patients by Strand-Specific RT-PCR

Published on: November 27, 2019

7.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2025

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
10:21

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Published on: February 1, 2019

8.3K
Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
09:04

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

9.5K
Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 HIV-1 Antisense Protein ASP RNA Transcripts in Patients by Strand-Specific RT-PCR
08:01

Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 HIV-1 Antisense Protein ASP RNA Transcripts in Patients by Strand-Specific RT-PCR

Published on: November 27, 2019

7.5K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genomics
  • Molecular evolution
  • RNA biology

Background:

  • Protein-coding features can emerge de novo in non-coding transcripts, leading to new protein-coding genes.
  • A significant proportion of novel non-coding RNAs across species exhibit antisense overlap with protein-coding genes.
  • Open reading frames (ORFs) within these antisense RNAs may overlap with existing ORFs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary constraints on ORF evolution due to overlap with existing ORFs in three reading frames.
  • To determine how antisense overlap influences the emergence and loss of ORFs.

Main Methods:

  • Combination of mathematical modeling.
  • Genome and transcriptome data analysis in two model organisms.

Main Results:

  • Antisense overlap increases the likelihood of ORF emergence.
  • Antisense overlap reduces the likelihood of ORF loss.
  • These effects are particularly pronounced in one of the three reading frames.

Conclusions:

  • The findings rationalize the observed prevalence of de novo genes in antisense transcripts.
  • Provides a generic modeling and analytical framework for understanding antisense gene evolution.