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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred to as...
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
The Response of Equilibria to the Conditions01:30

The Response of Equilibria to the Conditions

Named after the French chemist Henry Louis Le Chatelier, Le Chatelier's principle states that when a system at equilibrium is subjected to any change (like pressure, temperature, or concentration), the composition of the system adjusts in a way that counteracts the effect of this change, thereby attempting to restore the equilibrium.According to Le Chatelier's principle, for exothermic reactions, when the system's temperature is increased, the system will try to reduce the temperature. This...
Stringent Response in E. coli01:23

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing (CCM) System
10:09

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing (CCM) System

Published on: October 1, 2019

Reply to C.T. Matava et al

Sarah Alexander1, John A Kairalla1, Sumit Gupta1

  • 1Sarah Alexander, MD, Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; John A. Kairalla, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Children's Oncology Group, Gainesville, FL; Sumit Gupta, MD, PhD, Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Emily Hibbitts, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Children's Oncology Group, Gainesville, FL; Hannah Weisman, BSc, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC; Doralina Anghelescu, MD, Division of Anesthesiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Naomi J. Winick, MD, Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kevin R. Krull, PhD, Department of Psychology and Biobehavioral Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Wanda L. Salzer, MD, Uniformed Services University, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Michael J. Burke, MD, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin Inc, Milwaukee, WI; Lia Gore, MD, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; Meenakshi Devidas, PhD, Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Leanne Embry, PhD, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Elizabeth A. Raetz, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Hospital, New York, NY; Stephen P. Hunger, MD, Division of Oncology and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Mignon L. Loh, MD, The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research and the Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Kristina K. Hardy, PhD, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC.

Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
|July 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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