A randomized cross-over trial of prebiotics and probiotics in multiple sclerosis: Trial feasibility, supplement...

Dietary supplements can modulate the gut microbial ecosystem and affect the immune system. This has potential implications for autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior studies explored tolerability, symptomatic improvement, and immunologic effects of probiotics in people with MS (pwMS), but no study has examined prebiotics in this population or compared prebiotics with probiotics.

This is a randomized, open-label trial of participants with relapsing-remitting MS on B-cell depletion therapy from two MS centers. 22 participants enrolled in the original cross-over study in which probiotic (Visbiome, containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus species) or prebiotic (Prebiotin, containing oligofructose enriched inulin) supplementation for 6 weeks was randomized, each followed by a washout period. Due to pandemic-related interruptions and expiration of the study supply of probiotics, another 15 participants enrolled in a single-arm study to receive prebiotic supplementation for 6 weeks followed by a washout period. We assessed supplement tolerability and patient-reported outcomes (PRO) relevant to MS (disability, fatigue, mood, and bowel symptoms) before and after each supplement administration period and each washout period. We bio-archived plasma, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and stool samples at each timepoint for future multi-omic assessment.

Prebiotics and probiotics had comparable adherence rates and both supplements were well tolerated in pwMS. Participants on either supplement reported minor adverse events, most of which were mild and self-limited. There was a subjective preference for prebiotics over probiotics. Comparing supplement-associated changes in PRO scores from baseline to 6 weeks post-supplementation, there were significant difference between prebiotics and probiotics for the change in patient-reported global symptom burden (MSRS-R Total) and bowel control (BWCS), but only probiotics statistically improved bowel control from baseline to post-supplementation.

Supplementation with either prebiotics or probiotics is reasonably well-tolerated and safe. Probiotics improved bowel control, but did not improve other PROs in a 6-week time frame. These data regarding feasibility, tolerability, adherence, and adverse events of supplements will inform future clinical trial designs to definitively compare the efficacy and safety of prebiotics and probiotics. The biological data that will be generated from this study in the future will provide mechanistic insights into the effects of these dietary supplements on MS pathophysiology.