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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:37

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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The epitranscriptome: reshaping the DNA damage response.

Vivian Kalamara1, George A Garinis1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

Trends in Cell Biology
|July 24, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response (DDR), acting as a regulator in DNA repair. RNA modifications within the epitranscriptome further influence cellular responses to genotoxic stress, maintaining genomic integrity.

Keywords:
DNA damage responseDNA repairRNAepitranscriptomem(6)A

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Genomic instability is a significant threat to cell health.
  • Cells possess a complex DNA damage response (DDR) mechanism to counteract instability.
  • Emerging evidence highlights RNA's involvement in DNA repair processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted roles of RNA in the DNA damage response.
  • To investigate the contribution of RNA modifications (epitranscriptome) to cellular stress responses.
  • To elucidate the interplay between the RNA epigenome and genomic integrity maintenance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence linking RNA to DNA repair mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the role of RNA modifications in cellular responses to genotoxic stress.
  • Exploration of the functional significance of the RNA epigenome in maintaining genomic stability.

Main Results:

  • RNA acts as a template, scaffold, and regulator in DNA damage repair.
  • RNA modifications constitute the epitranscriptome, a key regulator of genotoxic stress responses.
  • The RNA epigenome is integral to maintaining genomic integrity.

Conclusions:

  • RNA is a critical component of the DNA damage response pathway.
  • The epitranscriptome dynamically regulates cellular responses to DNA damage.
  • Understanding the RNA epigenome's role is crucial for comprehending genomic integrity and cell fate.