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Pharmacists' Willingness to Offer Vaccination Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Arit Udoh1, Desak Ernawati2, Ifunanya Ikhile3
1Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 25, 2024
Summary
Most pharmacists are willing to offer pharmacy-based vaccination (PBV) services, increasing vaccine access. However, nearly a third are not, indicating a need for strategies to enhance pharmacist involvement in vaccination programs.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Services Research
Background:
- Pharmacy-based vaccination (PBV) services are crucial for improving vaccine coverage and public health access.
- Understanding pharmacists' willingness to provide these services is essential for optimizing their role in immunization programs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and meta-analyze the proportion of pharmacists willing to offer PBV services globally.
- To identify factors influencing pharmacists' willingness to provide vaccination services.
Main Methods:
- A systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies assessing pharmacists' willingness to offer PBV services.
- Searches conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, and grey literature.
- Risk of bias assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute criteria; findings synthesized narratively and quantitatively.
Main Results:
- 34 articles from 19 countries across 5 WHO regions were included, with most studies showing a low risk of bias.
- The pooled willingness for PBV services among pharmacists was 69.45% (95% CI: 61.58-76.33).
- Pharmacists' willingness varied by WHO region, highest in the Americas (71.49%) and lowest in Africa (58.71%), with no statistically significant difference.
Conclusions:
- A majority of pharmacists globally are willing to offer pharmacy-based vaccination services.
- Despite high willingness, nearly a third of pharmacists are not, highlighting the need for targeted strategies to increase their participation.
- No significant moderating effect of vaccine type, service availability, sampling technique, or study risk of bias was found.
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