Recent Advances in Immunological Landscape and Immunotherapeutic Agent of Nipah Virus Infection

Over the last two decades, the Nipah virus (NiV) emerged as a highly lethal zoonotic pathogen to humans. Outbreaks occurred occasionally in South and Southeast Asia. Therefore, a safe and effective vaccine against the virus is needed to fight against the deadly virus. Understanding the immunological landscape during this lethal virus infection is necessary in this direction. However, we found scattered information on the immunological landscape of the virus's reservoir, as well as hosts such as humans and livestock. The review provides a recent understanding of the immunological landscape of the virus's reservoir, human hosts, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines for NiV infection. To describe the immunological landscape, we divided our review article into some points. Firstly, we illustrated bats' immune response as a reservoir during the NiV infection. Secondly, we illustrated an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response to the NiV infection, various immune cells, humans' innate immune response, adaptive immunity, and the landscape of cytokines and chemokines. We also discussed INF escape, NET evasion, the T cell landscape, and the B cell landscape during virus infection. Thirdly, we also demonstrated the potential monoclonal antibody therapeutics, and vaccines. Finally, neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) of NiV and potentially other therapeutic strategies were discussed. The review will help researchers for better understanding the immunological landscape, mAbs, and vaccines, enabling them to develop their next-generation versions.