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Updated: Jun 15, 2026
Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance
Published on: February 27, 2017
Operationally stable perovskite solar modules enabled by vapor-phase fluoride treatment
Xiaoming Zhao1, Peikun Zhang1, Tianjun Liu2
1Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
Vapor-phase fluoride treatment enhances perovskite solar module stability, achieving 18.1% efficiency and a projected 43,000-hour lifetime. This method overcomes the cell-to-module stability gap for commercial photovoltaic applications.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Renewable Energy
- Photovoltaics
Background:
- Perovskite solar cells offer high power conversion efficiency but suffer from poor operational stability, hindering commercialization.
- Improving the long-term durability of perovskite photovoltaic devices is critical for their widespread adoption.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a scalable method for stabilizing large-area perovskite solar modules.
- To investigate the impact of vapor-phase fluoride treatment on perovskite solar module performance and longevity.
Main Methods:
- A scalable vapor-phase fluoride treatment was applied to perovskite solar modules.
- Accelerated aging tests under 1-sun illumination at 30°C were conducted to evaluate module stability.
- Degradation activation energy was extracted to compare module and cell stability.
Main Results:
- Achieved 18.1% efficient solar modules (228 cm²) with projected T80 lifetimes of 43,000 ± 9000 hours.
- Vapor-enabled homogeneous fluorine passivation effectively suppressed defect formation and ion diffusion.
- Extracted degradation activation energy (0.61 eV) indicates module stability comparable to cells, closing the cell-to-module gap.
Conclusions:
- Scalable vapor-phase fluoride treatment significantly enhances the stability of perovskite solar modules.
- The method effectively passivates large-area perovskite surfaces, improving long-term performance.
- This approach addresses a key challenge in perovskite photovoltaics, paving the way for commercialization.
