Deciphering the structural and kinetic factors in lithium titanate for enhanced performance in Li⁺/Na⁺ dual-cation...

The widespread application of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) anode in lithium-ion batteries has been hindered by its relatively low energy density. In this study, we investigated the capacity enhancement mechanism of LTO anode through the incorporation of Na⁺ cations in an Li⁺-based electrolyte (dual-cation electrolyte). LTO thin film electrodes were prepared as conductive additive-free and binder-free model electrodes. Electrochemical performance assessments revealed that the dual-cation electrolyte boosts the reversible capacity of the LTO thin film electrode, attributable to the additional pseudocapacitance and intercalation of Na⁺ into the LTO lattice. Operando Raman spectroscopy validated the insertion of Li⁺/Na⁺ cations into the LTO thin film electrode, and the cation migration kinetics were confirmed by ab initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed that the incorporation of Na⁺ reduces the activation energy of cation diffusion within the LTO lattice and improves the rate performance of LTO thin film electrodes in the dual-cation electrolyte. Furthermore, the interfacial charge transfer resistance in the dual-cation electrolyte, associated with ion de-solvation processes and traversal of the cations in the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, are evaluated using the distribution of relaxation time, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our approach of performance enhancement using dual-cation electrolytes can be extrapolated to other battery electrodes with sodium/lithium storage capabilities, presenting a novel avenue for the performance enhancement of lithium/sodium-ion batteries.