Diabetes mellitus-Progress and opportunities in the evolving epidemic.
E Dale Abel1, Anna L Gloyn2, Carmella Evans-Molina3
1Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Cell
|July 26, 2024
Summary
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder causing hyperglycemia and complications. Understanding its pathophysiology, including genetic and environmental factors, is key to developing new treatments for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Metabolic Disorders
- Immunology
Background:
- Diabetes mellitus is a complex multisystem metabolic disorder defined by hyperglycemia.
- It encompasses Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune condition, and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), characterized by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.
- Obesity is strongly linked to T2D through central nervous system pathways regulating energy balance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent advances in understanding diabetes pathophysiology.
- To discuss novel treatment strategies for diabetes and its complications.
- To highlight the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in diabetes risk.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent scientific advances.
- Analysis of current understanding of diabetes pathophysiology.
- Examination of emerging therapeutic approaches.
Main Results:
- Diabetes involves dysfunction in beta cells, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver.
- Genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, including social determinants of health, influence diabetes risk and complications.
- Obesity's role in T2D is mediated by central nervous system regulation of appetite and energy expenditure.
Conclusions:
- Advances in understanding diabetes pathophysiology offer potential to alter the disease's course.
- Integrated approaches considering genetic, environmental, and social factors are crucial for managing diabetes.
- Improved treatments are needed to mitigate the impact of diabetes complications on quality of life and mortality.
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