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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2025

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

Published on: March 20, 2012

It's about time to exercise: development of the Exercise Participation Explained in Relation to Time (EXPERT) model.

Sean Healy¹, Freda Patterson², Stuart Biddle³

¹Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland sean.healy@ul.ie.

British Journal of Sports Medicine

|July 26, 2024

Summary

The exercise participation explained in relation to time (EXPERT) model was developed to address the complex, multi-faceted nature of time as a barrier to exercise. This model moves beyond a simple

Keywords:

Exercise Health promotion Physical activity Preventive Medicine Sports medicine

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2025

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Area of Science:

Behavioral science
Exercise science
Health psychology

Background:

Perceived 'lack of time' is the most cited barrier to exercise.
The simplistic notion of 'lack of time' fails to capture its complex nature as a barrier to physical activity.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a comprehensive model, the Exercise Participation Explained in Relation to Time (EXPERT) model.
To analyze the multifaceted nature of time as a barrier to exercise participation.

Main Methods:

An umbrella literature review on time and physical activity.
A targeted review of existing temporal models.
Model development through author discussions, a Delphi process, and expert consultations.

Main Results:

The EXPERT model comprises 31 factors across four categories: temporal needs/preferences, temporal autonomy, temporal conditions, and temporal dimensions of exercise.
Provides definitions, examples, and survey questions for each factor.
Offers a framework for understanding time-related barriers to exercise.

Conclusions:

The EXPERT model offers a comprehensive understanding of time as it relates to exercise participation.
It moves beyond the simplistic 'lack of time' barrier to explore the complexity of time allocation for exercise.
Further empirical and cross-cultural validation of the EXPERT model is recommended.