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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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A Low Mismatch Current Charge Pump Applied to Phase-Locked Loops.

Min Guo1,2, Lixin Wang1,2, Shixin Wang1

  • 1Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.

Micromachines
|July 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an improved charge pump circuit for phase-locked loops, significantly reducing current mismatch and widening the output range. The design utilizes novel analog switches and current splitting techniques for enhanced accuracy and performance.

Keywords:
charge pumpcharge sharingcurrent mismatchintegrated circuits (ICs)phase-locked loop (PLL)

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Integrated Circuit Design
  • Analog Electronics

Background:

  • Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are critical in modern electronics for signal synchronization.
  • Charge pumps are essential components within PLLs, but suffer from current mismatch and limited output ranges.
  • Non-ideal effects like clock feedthrough and charge injection degrade charge pump performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and validate a novel charge pump circuit for PLLs.
  • To achieve a wide output voltage range and minimize current mismatch.
  • To suppress non-ideal effects impacting charge pump accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of T-shaped analog switches to mitigate clock feedthrough and switching mismatches.
  • Utilization of source follower and current splitting circuits for improved current matching.
  • Incorporation of a rail-to-rail high-gain amplifier to reduce charge-sharing effects.
  • Employing a cascode current mirror for high output impedance, enhancing current accuracy and output range.

Main Results:

  • The designed charge pump operates with a 1.2 V supply voltage and 100 μA output current.
  • Achieved a wide output voltage range from 0.2 V to 1 V.
  • Demonstrated a low maximum current mismatch rate of 0.21% and current variation rate of 1.4%.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed charge pump circuit effectively addresses limitations in traditional designs.
  • Achieved superior performance in terms of output range and current matching accuracy.
  • Suitable for advanced phase-locked loop applications requiring high precision.