Prognostic Factors Associated with Post-Stroke Dysphagia in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes a significant portion of acute stroke incidents worldwide, often leading to post-stroke dysphagia (PSD), affecting 50-77% of survivors and worsening patient morbidity. This study aimed to identify predictive variables for PSD among patients with spontaneous ICH. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on adult patients with acute spontaneous ICH, confirmed by brain computed tomography, from June 2019 to June 2023. We analyzed demographic, neuroimaging, and stroke-specific characteristics and rehabilitation indicators. PSD was evaluated using nasogastric (NG) tube retention and the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) levels at 4 and 12 weeks post-ICH. Statistical analyses involved univariate and multivariate logistic regression to identify PSD predictors. A total of 310 ICH patients were included in the study. At 4 weeks, significant predictors for NG tube retention included 24-hour National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, estimated glomerular filtration rate and sitting balance. At 12 weeks, hospital stay duration and ICH score were significant predictors for NG tube retention. Regarding the FOIS, significant predictors at 4 weeks included higher 24-hour NIHSS scores, compromised sitting balance, immobility-related complications, initial hematoma volume and intraventricular hemorrhages. At 12 weeks, older age and higher 24-hour NIHSS scores significantly predicted lower FOIS levels. Our findings demonstrate that PSD in ICH patients is influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including stroke severity, renal function, and physical impairment. The study highlights the importance of early neurological assessment, physical function, and comprehensive management in improving swallowing outcomes, emphasizing a multifaceted approach to enhancing outcomes for ICH survivors.