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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Histone Tetrasome Dynamics Affects Chromatin Transcription.

X Shi, A S Fedulova, E Y Kotova

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |July 29, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    Nucleosomes can lose histone dimers, forming tetrasomes. These tetrasomes exhibit increased DNA and histone mobility, reducing barriers for transcription and impacting cellular processes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Chromatin Structure
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Nucleosomes are fundamental units of DNA organization in the nucleus.
    • Transient loss of histone dimers (H2A/H2B) forms hexasomes and tetrasomes.
    • Structural and functional roles of these subnucleosomes are largely unknown.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the structural and functional properties of tetrasomes.
    • To understand the impact of tetrasomes on DNA accessibility and transcription.

    Main Methods:

    • Biochemical assays
    • Molecular dynamics simulations
    • Single-particle Förster resonance energy transfer (spFRET) microscopy
    • NMR spectroscopy
    • DNase I footprinting

    Main Results:

    • Tetrasomes show significantly higher mobility of histones and DNA compared to nucleosomes.
    • DNA-histone interactions are weakened in tetrasomes.
    • Tetrasomes present a lower barrier to RNA polymerase II transcription than nucleosomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Tetrasomes are highly dynamic structures.
    • Tetrasome formation can substantially influence biological processes within the cell nucleus.
    • These findings provide new insights into chromatin dynamics and gene regulation.