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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...

Limiting Reactant

Limiting Reactant

The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in reality, the reactants are not always present in the stoichiometric amounts indicated by the balanced equation.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

Simultaneously Producing H₂ and H₂O₂ by Photocatalytic Water Splitting: Recent Progress and Future.

Shuang Cao¹, Tong Sun¹, Yong Peng²

¹College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Sustainable Energy and Resources, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|July 29, 2024

Summary

Photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydrogen (H₂) from water offers a sustainable energy solution. This review explores photocatalysts and methods for efficient H₂O₂ generation, addressing current challenges.

Keywords:

hydrogen generation hydrogen peroxides photocatalytic water splitting

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Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

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Published on: October 5, 2019

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Photocatalysis

Background:

Solar-driven water splitting is key for sustainable energy, but direct H₂ production faces challenges.
Producing valuable H₂ and H₂O₂ simultaneously (PIWS) is more efficient and economically viable.
Research in photocatalytic production of hydrogen and peroxide (PIWS) has advanced significantly.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of the importance and principles of PIWS.
To discuss photocatalysts, their design, and stability enhancement for PIWS.
To summarize quantification and characterization techniques for PIWS.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on photocatalysts for PIWS.
Discussion of semiconductor and cocatalyst materials.
Summary of analytical techniques for H₂O₂ quantification and reaction mechanism studies.

Main Results:

Identified key design features of photocatalysts for efficient PIWS.
Highlighted approaches for improving photocatalyst stability.
Summarized techniques for H₂O₂ detection and reaction mechanism elucidation.

Conclusions:

PIWS is a promising strategy for sustainable H₂ and H₂O₂ production.
Further research is needed to overcome current challenges in PIWS.
This review provides a foundation for future advancements in PIWS.