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Related Concept Videos

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...
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The intrinsic polarity of cells can be primarily attributed to two factors- i) the asymmetric accumulation of mobile components such are regulatory molecules and subcellular components across the cell and ii) the orientation of polar cytoskeletal filaments that make up the cytoskeletal networks, specifically microfilaments, and microtubules arranged along the axis of polarity. Interactions between the cytoskeletal filaments are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of the polar nature...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Measuring Axonal Cargo Transport in Mouse Primary Cortical Cultured Neurons
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Comparative structural study on axonemal and cytoplasmic dyneins.

Noemi Zimmermann1,2, Takashi Ishikawa1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.

Cytoskeleton (Hoboken, N.J.)
|July 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Dynein motor proteins, crucial for ciliary beating and intracellular transport, are structurally analyzed. Comparing conformations reveals insights into their force generation mechanisms.

Keywords:
ATPaseaxonemal dyneincryo‐EMcryo‐ETcrystallographycytoplasmic dyneinmotor protein

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Axonemal dyneins power ciliary motility; cytoplasmic dyneins mediate intracellular transport.
  • Understanding dynein structure is key to elucidating ciliary beating and cargo transport mechanisms.
  • Previous studies focused on cytoplasmic dyneins, with recent advances in structural analysis of axonemal dyneins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare high- and intermediate-resolution structures of cytoplasmic and axonemal dyneins.
  • To analyze the core motor domains and tail conformations across different nucleotide states.
  • To discuss the force generation mechanisms of dynein motor proteins.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography
  • Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy
  • Comparative structural analysis

Main Results:

  • Availability of several post-power stroke and pre-power stroke dynein conformations.
  • High-resolution structures of dynein motor domains and tail regions are accessible.
  • Insights into conformational changes related to nucleotide binding and hydrolysis.

Conclusions:

  • Systematic comparison of dynein conformations is essential for understanding biological function.
  • Structural data provides a basis for understanding dynein's force generation.
  • Further structural studies will advance knowledge of ciliary and transport processes.