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Related Concept Videos

Downsampling01:20

Downsampling

144
When considering a sampled sequence with zero values between sampling instants, one can replace it by taking every N-th value of the sequence. At these integer multiples of N, the original and sampled sequences coincide. This process, known as decimation, involves extracting every N-th sample from a sequence, thereby creating a more efficient sequence.
The Fourier transform of the decimated sequence reveals a combination of scaled and shifted versions of the original spectrum. This...
144
Upsampling01:22

Upsampling

219
Managing signal sampling rates is essential in digital signal processing to maintain signal integrity. A decimated signal, characterized by a reduced frequency range due to its lower sampling rate, can be upsampled by inserting zeros between each sample. This upsampling process expands the original spectrum and introduces repeated spectral replicas at intervals dictated by the new Nyquist frequency. To refine this zero-inserted sequence, it is passed through a lowpass filter with a cutoff...
219
Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain01:26

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

88
Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
In contrast, nonlinear systems do not inherently possess these properties. However, for small deviations around an operating point, a nonlinear system can often be approximated as linear....
88
Aliasing01:18

Aliasing

128
Accurate signal sampling and reconstruction are crucial in various signal-processing applications. A time-domain signal's spectrum can be revealed using its Fourier transform. When this signal is sampled at a specific frequency, it results in multiple scaled replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain. The spacing of these replicas is determined by the sampling frequency.
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original...
128
Linear Approximation in Time Domain01:21

Linear Approximation in Time Domain

76
Nonlinear systems often require sophisticated approaches for accurate modeling and analysis, with state-space representation being particularly effective. This method is especially useful for systems where variables and parameters vary with time or operating conditions, such as in a simple pendulum or a translational mechanical system with nonlinear springs.
For a simple pendulum with a mass evenly distributed along its length and the center of mass located at half the pendulum's length,...
76
Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation01:10

Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation

186
Signal processing techniques are essential for accurately converting continuous signals to digital formats and vice versa. When a continuous signal is sampled with a period T, the resulting sampled signal exhibits replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain, spaced at intervals equal to the sampling frequency. To handle this sampled signal, a zero-order hold method can be applied, which creates a piecewise constant signal by retaining each sample's value until the next...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
09:09

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody

Published on: September 27, 2024

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Coronal underspecification as an emerging property in the development of speech processing.

Nadja Althaus1, Aditi Lahiri1, Kim Plunkett2

  • 1Faculty of Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics, University of Oxford.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|July 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toddlers initially recognize mispronunciations of all speech sounds. By 24 months, however, toddlers lose sensitivity to mispronounced coronal sounds, suggesting underspecified phonological representations in their developing lexicon.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psycholinguistics
  • Phonological acquisition
  • Lexical representation

Background:

  • Theories of lexical representation debate whether developing phonological representations are detailed or underspecified.
  • The featurally underspecified lexicon theory posits that coronal sounds lack place-of-articulation specification, even in adults.
  • Prior research yielded mixed results regarding toddlers' sensitivity to mispronunciations of coronal versus noncoronal sounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental trajectory of phonological specificity in toddlers' lexicons.
  • To test the prediction of the featurally underspecified lexicon theory regarding developing phonological representations.
  • To determine at what age toddlers lose sensitivity to mispronunciations of coronal sounds.

Main Methods:

  • An intermodal preferential looking study was conducted with 18- and 24-month-old toddlers.
  • Toddlers' sensitivity to mispronunciations of words with coronal and noncoronal onsets was assessed.
  • Growth curve analysis was employed to analyze the behavioral data.

Main Results:

  • At 18 months, toddlers showed sensitivity to mispronunciations of both coronal- and noncoronal-onset words.
  • By 24 months, toddlers' sensitivity to mispronunciations of coronal-onset words significantly decreased.
  • This pattern indicates a developmental shift towards underspecified coronal representations.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the gradual emergence of phonological underspecification in the developing lexicon.
  • Coronal underspecification appears to develop by 24 months, potentially due to exposure to phonetic variation.
  • A model is proposed where initial phonetic representations mature into phonologically underspecified lexical representations.