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Two long, straight, and parallel current-carrying conductors exert a force of equal magnitude on one another. The direction of the force depends on the current direction in the conductors.
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In a magnetic field, moving charges encounter a force. If a wire contains these moving charges, i.e., if the wire is carrying a current, then a force acts on the wire as well. Consider a pair of flexible leads holding a wire that is 40 cm long and 10 g in weight in a horizontal position. The wire is placed in a constant magnetic field of 0.40 T, as shown in Figure 1(a). Determine the magnitude and direction of the current flowing in the wire needed to remove the tension in the supporting leads.
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Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
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Viscous Current-Induced Forces.

Vladimir U Nazarov1, Tchavdar N Todorov2, E K U Gross1

  • 1Fritz Haber Research Center of Molecular Dynamics, <a href="https://ror.org/03qxff017">The Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, Institute of Chemistry, Israel.

Physical Review Letters
|July 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We investigated the motion of diatomic impurities in electron liquids under current. The study reveals coupled nuclear and center-of-mass motion, influenced by electron wind and friction, with dynamic exchange-correlation effects being significant.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Diatomic impurities in electron liquids experience forces from electronic currents.
  • Understanding these forces is crucial for predicting impurity dynamics and material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the translational, vibrational, and rotational motion of diatomic impurities in an electron liquid under electronic current.
  • To analyze the interplay between current-induced forces (electron wind) and electronic friction.
  • To elucidate the role of dynamic exchange-correlation effects on impurity motion.

Main Methods:

  • Linear response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT).
  • Ehrenfest dynamics simulations.
  • Solution of a system of linear algebraic equations.

Main Results:

  • Identified coupling between center-of-mass and internal nuclear motion mediated by the electron liquid.
  • Observed three distinct phases of motion: acceleration, stabilization, and deceleration.
  • Quantified the significant contribution of dynamic exchange-correlation kernel to forces, especially at lower electron densities (up to 40% for Cs density in rotational regime).

Conclusions:

  • The motion of diatomic impurities in electron liquids is complex, involving coupled degrees of freedom.
  • Electronic friction and current-induced forces dictate the dynamic response.
  • Dynamic exchange-correlation effects play a critical role in accurately describing impurity dynamics, particularly at lower metallic densities.