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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots
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Responsive-Hydrogel Aquabots.

Shipei Zhu1,2, Huanqing Cui2, Yi Pan2,3

  • 1Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|July 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed ultra-soft, adaptable all-aqueous aquabots using hydrogels in two-phase systems. These responsive robots shrink on demand and offer electrical conductivity for advanced applications.

Keywords:
adaptive materialsall‐liquid robotsaqueous two‐phase systemsflexible electronicsresponsive hydrogels

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Materials Science
  • Biomimicry

Background:

  • Producing soft robots with the adaptive capabilities of living organisms is a significant challenge.
  • Traditional methods often rely on bulk hydrogels, limiting responsiveness and functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create ultra-soft, elastic, and adaptable all-aqueous robots (aquabots).
  • To develop a novel fabrication method for responsive robotic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Integrating hydrogels into the interfacial assembly of aqueous two-phase systems.
  • Fabricating all-aqueous soft robots with tunable properties.

Main Results:

  • Achieved ultra-soft and elastic aquabots with responsive adaptability.
  • Demonstrated on-demand shrinking capabilities.
  • Incorporated electrically conductive functions into the aquabots.

Conclusions:

  • The novel interfacial assembly approach overcomes limitations of bulk hydrogel fabrication for soft robots.
  • These adaptable aquabots present a versatile platform for advanced applications.
  • Potential applications include minimally invasive surgery, targeted drug delivery, and flexible electronics.