Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.3K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.3K
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.1K
An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
1.1K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.1K
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

570
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
570
π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion01:18

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion

4.2K
An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with...
4.2K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.0K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Theoretical insights into ion transport mechanisms in fluoroacetonitrile-based electrolytes for Li/Na/K ion batteries: a molecular dynamics and quantum chemical study.

Nanoscale·2026
Same author

Cost-effective nanocubic Prussian blue analogues for enhanced active-barrier epoxy coatings.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

Designing dual-center redox-active π-systems with an ultra-low bandgap for enhanced capacitive deionization desalination.

Materials horizons·2026
Same author

Phenothiazine-based anodes with π-conjugation extension and dynamic charge balance enabling ultra-stable hydronium-ion batteries.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

3D N and O co-doping hierarchical porous carbon with ultrahigh surface area as cathode material for high-performance zinc-ion hybrid capacitor.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same author

Geometric Preorganization Enables Entropy-Constrained Proton Migration for Ultrafast and Stable Aqueous Proton Batteries.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

21.6K

A Long-Range Planar Polymer with Efficient π-Electron Delocalization for Superior Proton Storage.

Renyuan Wang1, Jing He1, Chao Yan1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new planar phenazine (PPHZ) polymer for aqueous proton batteries (APBs). This advanced electrode material offers high capacity and an exceptionally long lifespan for sustainable energy storage.

Keywords:
aqueous batterieselectrochemical mechanismmolecular designorganic electrode materialproton storage

More Related Videos

Synthesizing a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Supercapacitors, Assembling a Supercapacitor Using a Coin Cell, and Measuring Gel Electrolyte Performance
08:59

Synthesizing a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Supercapacitors, Assembling a Supercapacitor Using a Coin Cell, and Measuring Gel Electrolyte Performance

Published on: November 30, 2022

4.4K
Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

14.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

21.6K
Synthesizing a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Supercapacitors, Assembling a Supercapacitor Using a Coin Cell, and Measuring Gel Electrolyte Performance
08:59

Synthesizing a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Supercapacitors, Assembling a Supercapacitor Using a Coin Cell, and Measuring Gel Electrolyte Performance

Published on: November 30, 2022

4.4K
Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

14.0K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Aqueous proton batteries (APBs) offer safe and sustainable energy storage, leveraging the Grotthus mechanism.
  • Polymers are attractive electrode materials for APBs due to their tunable structures, but their proton-storage capabilities are often limited.
  • Existing polymer electrodes face challenges with unsatisfactory redox behaviors, hindering practical APB applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate a novel planar phenazine (PPHZ) polymer as a high-performance electrode material for APBs.
  • To investigate the structural and electronic properties of PPHZ that contribute to enhanced proton storage.
  • To demonstrate the practical viability of PPHZ in APB devices with long-term stability.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a novel planar phenazine (PPHZ) polymer with an imine-rich skeleton.
  • Electrochemical characterization of PPHZ as an electrode material in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte.
  • In situ techniques to study redox reversibility and proton dynamics.
  • Theoretical calculations to elucidate protonation pathways.

Main Results:

  • The PPHZ polymer exhibits ordered molecular stacking and optimized electronic properties due to its planar, conjugated structure.
  • Achieved a high proton storage capacity of 273.3 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹ (1 C), the highest reported for proton-inserted electrodes in acidic electrolytes.
  • Demonstrated excellent redox reversibility and fast proton diffusion, confirmed by in situ studies and theoretical calculations.
  • A pouch-type APB cell using PPHZ showed an ultralong lifespan exceeding 30,000 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The novel PPHZ polymer demonstrates superior proton-storage redox behaviors, making it a highly promising electrode material for APBs.
  • The unique planar structure and electronic properties of PPHZ overcome limitations of previous polymer electrodes.
  • PPHZ offers a viable pathway towards developing safe, sustainable, and long-lasting aqueous proton battery technologies.