π-π Stacking Network-Based Supramolecular Peptide Nanoprobe for Visualization of the ICB-Enhanced Ferroptosis Process

The construction of coassembled peptide nanoprobes based on structural adaptation provides an effective template for stable monitoring of the molecular events in physiological and pathological processes. This also greatly expands their applications in biomedicine, such as multimodal combined diagnosis and treatment. However, the insufficient understanding of the physicochemical properties and structural features of different molecules still makes it difficult to construct the coassembled probes with mutually reinforcing functions, leading to unpredictable effects. Here, we showed how to utilize the π-π stacking network on β-sheets formed by PD-L1-targeting peptides to capture small molecules with ferroptosis functions, thus, coassembling them into a visual probe with synergistic effects. Compared with individual components, the coassembled strategy could significantly improve the stability of the nanoprobe, inducing stronger ferroptosis effects and immune checkpoint blocking effects, and track and reflect the process. This study provides new insights into the design of multicomponent collaborative coassembly systems with biological effects.