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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

147
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
147
Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

73
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
73
Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

50
During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
50
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

327
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
327
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

454
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
454
Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

29
A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
29

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Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
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Cognitive trajectories during the menopausal transition.

Stephanie Than1,2,3, Chris Moran1,2,3,4, Richard Beare1,3,5

  • 1Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Frontiers in Dementia
|July 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive decline during menopause varies. Postmenopausal women showed the slowest decline in reaction time compared to premenopausal women, suggesting psychomotor speed is sensitive to the menopausal transition.

Keywords:
cognitiondementiahormonal therapymenopausesex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Female sex is linked to higher dementia prevalence.
  • Menopause may influence cognitive differences and dementia risk.
  • Understanding cognitive changes during the menopausal transition is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if cognitive decline rates differ across menopausal stages.
  • To analyze the impact of menopause on various cognitive functions.

Main Methods:

  • 15,486 women from UK Biobank were stratified by menopausal status (pre-, peri-, post-).
  • Longitudinal cognitive function (reaction time, reasoning, memory, attention) was assessed over 8 years.
  • Models were adjusted for age, education, ethnicity, APOEε4, menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT), and brain MRI volumes.

Main Results:

  • An interaction between menopausal status and time affected reaction time (p < 0.01).
  • Postmenopausal women exhibited the slowest increase (worsening) in reaction time compared to premenopausal women (β = -1.07, p=0.02).
  • Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women showed poorer overall fluid intelligence and memory, but similar rates of change compared to premenopausal women.

Conclusions:

  • Perimenopause and post-menopause are associated with cognitive changes.
  • Psychomotor speed is particularly sensitive to the menopausal transition.
  • Further research with advanced neuroimaging is needed to understand the neural basis.