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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

18.3K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
18.3K
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
9.6K
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
1.3K
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.4K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
2.4K
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

39.9K
The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
39.9K

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Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Ubiquitous short-range order in multi-principal element alloys.

Ying Han1, Hangman Chen2, Yongwen Sun1

  • 1Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.

Nature Communications
|August 1, 2024
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Summary

Short-range order (SRO) is an inherent characteristic of multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs). Its formation during solidification is rapid and largely independent of processing conditions, challenging SRO engineering efforts.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Short-range order (SRO) significantly impacts multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) performance.
  • Understanding and controlling SRO formation mechanisms are critical for advancing MPEA engineering.
  • Current knowledge on SRO formation and its precise control in MPEAs remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and characteristics of SRO in CoCrNi-based face-centered-cubic (FCC) MPEAs.
  • To elucidate the influence of processing parameters, particularly cooling rates, on SRO development.
  • To determine the fundamental mechanisms governing SRO formation during alloy solidification.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced additive manufacturing to create MPEA samples across a broad spectrum of cooling rates (up to 10^7 K/s).
  • Employed an enhanced semi-quantitative electron microscopy technique for detailed SRO characterization.
  • Performed atomistic simulations to model SRO formation at the liquid-solid interface under extreme cooling conditions (up to 10^11 K/s).

Main Results:

  • Observed consistent levels of SRO in CoCrNi-based FCC MPEAs, regardless of processing history and thermal treatments.
  • Atomistic simulations demonstrated that local chemical order forms rapidly at the solidification front.
  • Atomic diffusion in the supercooled liquid phase was found to be comparable to or faster than solidification rates, even at extremely high cooling rates.

Conclusions:

  • Short-range order is an intrinsic property of most FCC MPEAs, forming inherently during solidification.
  • SRO formation is largely insensitive to experimental variations in cooling rates and annealing treatments.
  • The findings suggest that SRO engineering in MPEAs may require approaches beyond conventional processing modifications.