Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

9.0K
According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
9.0K
Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems01:18

Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

2.7K
The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or not. The compound is stable and aromatic if every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. However, if the non-bonding or antibonding orbitals are filled with electrons, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Consider the Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes containing 4 to 8 carbons.
2.7K
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:34

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

7.9K
Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling...
7.9K
Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule01:20

Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule

10.4K
Like benzene, cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene are cyclic compounds with alternate single and double bonds. However, their chemical behavior differs from benzene, as they are unstable and not aromatic. So, what are the structural characteristics of unsaturated compounds categorized as aromatic?  
For the first time, Eric Hückel, a German chemical physicist, derived a set of structural features for a compound to be classified as aromatic. This is now known as...
10.4K
Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model01:07

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

8.7K
In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.
8.7K
VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs04:01

VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs

41.9K
Effect of Lone Pairs of Electrons on Molecule Geometry
41.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Relativistic collapse of the classical triple bond in the CBi<sup>-</sup> molecular ion.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Cryogenic photoelectron and photodetachment spectroscopy of complex anions.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same author

Boron buckminsterfullerene.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Spectral Signatures of Neutral Boron Oxide Clusters Containing Key Structural Units of the Vitreous State.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

High-resolution photoelectron imaging, photodetachment spectroscopy, and the dipole-bound state of the 2,3-difluorophenoxide anion.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same author

Probing the weak interaction between silver and boron.

Chemical science·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Synthesis of 1,2-Azaborines and the Preparation of Their Protein Complexes with T4 Lysozyme Mutants
08:56

Synthesis of 1,2-Azaborines and the Preparation of Their Protein Complexes with T4 Lysozyme Mutants

Published on: March 25, 2017

7.6K

Borozenes: Benzene-Like Planar Aromatic Boron Clusters.

Lai-Sheng Wang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|August 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Boron clusters, particularly borozenes like B8^2-, exhibit unique 2D structures and aromaticity, analogous to hydrocarbons. These findings open avenues for designing novel boron-based materials and compounds.

Area of Science:

  • * Exploration of boron's unique electron deficiency and its impact on chemical bonding and structures.
  • * Investigation of size-selected boron clusters, revealing 2D structures distinct from bulk boron materials.

Background:

  • * Boron's electron deficiency (2s^2 2p^1) leads to electron sharing and delocalization, forming polyhedral cages like the B12 icosahedron.
  • * Previous research identified 2D structures in boron clusters, including the planar B36 cluster, demonstrating the viability of 2D boron nanostructures (borophene).

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To elucidate the structures and bonding of size-selected boron clusters using combined experimental and theoretical methods.
  • * To investigate the properties and potential applications of newly discovered boron clusters, particularly those exhibiting aromaticity.

Main Methods:

  • * Combined photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to study boron cluster structures and bonding.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
08:56

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

2.7K
Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
04:51

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Synthesis of 1,2-Azaborines and the Preparation of Their Protein Complexes with T4 Lysozyme Mutants
08:56

Synthesis of 1,2-Azaborines and the Preparation of Their Protein Complexes with T4 Lysozyme Mutants

Published on: March 25, 2017

7.6K
Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
08:56

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

2.7K
Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
04:51

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

2.8K
  • * Synthesis and characterization of 2D boron nanostructures (borophene) on inert substrates.

    • Main Results:

    • * Discovery of 2D structures in boron clusters like B7-, B8-, and B9-, featuring a central boron atom within a boron ring.
    • * Identification of highly symmetric, aromatic boron clusters (borozenes) analogous to classical aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., B7^3-, B8^2-, B9^-).
    • * Experimental realization of B8^2- borozene in metal complexes, stabilizing unusual metal oxidation states and demonstrating potential for novel material design.

    Conclusions:

    • * Borozene compounds exhibit unique structural and electronic properties due to their high symmetry and aromaticity.
    • * The study provides evidence for the viability of 2D boron nanostructures and their potential for advanced material applications.
    • * Further research is expected to lead to the design and synthesis of new borozene compounds with tailored properties.