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Related Concept Videos

Sound Intensity Level00:53

Sound Intensity Level

Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
The human ear can perceive an extensive range of sound intensity, necessitating the use of the logarithmic scale to define a physical quantity—the intensity level. It is a ratio of two intensities and hence a...
Pulse amplitude and quality01:17

Pulse amplitude and quality

Pulse amplitude is a crucial indicator of cardiac health because it provides valuable insights into the strength of left ventricular contractions and the overall uniformity of blood circulation within the vasculature. The strength of the pulse is directly related to the force with which the heart contracts and the volume of blood being pumped.
A weak or absent pulse may indicate reduced cardiac output or poor left ventricular contraction, which can be signs of cardiovascular dysfunction or...
Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...
Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V) valves at the...
Bandpass Sampling01:17

Bandpass Sampling

In signal processing, bandpass sampling is an effective technique for sampling signals that have most of their energy concentrated within a narrow frequency band. This type of signal is known as a bandpass signal. The key principle of bandpass sampling involves sampling the signal at a rate that is greater than twice the signal's bandwidth to prevent aliasing.
A bandpass signal has a spectrum with a lower frequency limit, denoted as ω1, and an upper frequency limit, denoted as ω2. The spectrum...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization
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Holographic direct sound printing.

Mahdi Derayatifar1, Mohsen Habibi2, Rama Bhat1

  • 1Optical Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Nature Communications
|August 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Holographic direct sound printing (HDSP) accelerates additive manufacturing by using acoustic holograms for faster, layerless 3D printing. This innovation enables complex, multi-material structures and opens new possibilities for in-body applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Acoustic Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Direct sound printing (DSP) traditionally uses a single acoustic focal point for voxel-by-voxel fabrication.
  • This limitation restricts printing speed and structural complexity in sonochemical polymerization-based additive manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce holographic direct sound printing (HDSP) to overcome DSP limitations.
  • Enhance printing speed and enable layerless fabrication of complex 3D structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized acoustic holograms to pattern sound waves for regional polymerization.
  • Integrated a robotic arm for 3D platform movement with a stationary hologram.
  • Employed sono-chemiluminescence and high-speed imaging for process investigation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a tenfold increase in printing speed compared to traditional DSP.
  • Demonstrated layerless fabrication of complex, multi-object, and multi-material structures.
  • Characterized HDSP process, including hologram design, polymerization, porosity, and robotic trajectory planning.

Conclusions:

  • HDSP integrates acoustic holography into direct sound printing, significantly advancing additive manufacturing capabilities.
  • The method offers versatile applications, including remote in-body printing and complex robotic fabrication.
  • HDSP represents a significant leap in speed and complexity for sonochemical polymerization-based 3D printing.