The proactive and reactive mechanisms of learned spatial suppression

Selection history refers to the notion that previous allocations of attention or suppression have the potential to elicit lingering and enduring selection biases that are isolated from goal-driven or stimulus-driven attention. However, in the singleton detection mode task, manipulating the selection history of distractors cannot give rise to pure proactive inhibition. Therefore, we employed a combination of a working memory task and a feature search mode task, simultaneously recording cortical activity using EEG, to investigate the mechanisms of suppression guided by selection history. The results from event-related potential and reaction times showed an enhanced inhibitory performance when the distractor was presented at the high-probability location, along with instances where the target appeared at the high-probability location of distractors. These findings demonstrate that a generalized proactive inhibition bias is learned and processed independent of cognitive resources, which is supported by selection history. In contrast, reactive rejection toward the low-probability location was evident through the Pd component under varying cognitive resource conditions. Taken together, our findings indicated that participants learned proactive inhibition when the distractor was at the high-probability location, whereas reactive rejection was involved at low-probability location.