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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires01:18

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

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Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the magnetic field at a point "P2", midway between the wires. Also, evaluate the magnetic field when the direction of the current is reversed in the second wire.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Magnetization dynamics in single and trilayer nanowires.

Mahathi Kuchibhotla1, Arabinda Haldar1, Adekunle Olusola Adeyeye2

  • 1Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502284, Telangana, India.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|August 7, 2024
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We investigated magnetic nanowires, finding that controlling the spacer layer thickness tunes magnetization dynamics. This allows for tailored microwave devices like splitters or combiners.

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deep UV lithographyferromagnetic resonancemagnetic nanowiresshape anisotropyspin dynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Understanding magnetization dynamics in magnetic nanostructures is crucial for developing advanced spintronic devices.
  • Py/Pd/Py trilayer systems offer tunable magnetic coupling for novel functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of spacer layer thickness on magnetization dynamics in Py/Pd/Py trilayer nanowires.
  • To explore the potential of these structures for applications in microwave devices.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of single Py and [Py/Pd/Py] trilayer nanowire arrays using deep ultraviolet lithography.
  • Characterization of dynamic magnetic properties through microwave frequency analysis.
  • Analysis of coupling mechanisms (exchange vs. dipolar) based on observed resonant modes.

Main Results:

  • Single-layer Py nanowires exhibit a single resonant mode related to bulk excitations.
  • Trilayer nanowires with a 2 nm Pd spacer show a single resonant mode with a sharp frequency jump, indicating exchange coupling.
  • Trilayer nanowires with a 10 nm Pd spacer display two distinct modes with gradual frequency changes, suggesting dipolar interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Spacer layer thickness in Py/Pd/Py nanowires dictates the dominant coupling mechanism, influencing magnetization dynamics.
  • Tailoring the Pd spacer layer enables control over microwave frequencies, paving the way for custom spin-valve-type devices.