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Related Concept Videos

Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model01:20

Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model

5.4K
The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, affecting drug distribution. The central compartment includes blood and highly perfused tissues with rapid drug distribution, while the peripheral compartment contains tissues with slower drug distribution. After a single IV bolus dose, the drug concentration is high in plasma and low in tissues. The drug distribution between compartments...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: Overview01:05

Two-Compartment Open Model: Overview

108
Multicompartmental models are crucial tools in pharmacokinetics, providing a framework to understand how drugs move within the body. The two-compartment model is a crucial subtype, segmenting the body into central and peripheral compartments. The central compartment represents areas with high blood flow, such as plasma and highly perfused organs like the kidneys and liver, while the peripheral compartment signifies tissues with lower blood flow, like adipose tissue and muscle tissue.
The...
108
Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration01:12

Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration

172
The two-compartment model for extravascular administration represents a drug's absorption and distribution process. It features a central compartment, where the drug is first absorbed, and a peripheral compartment, which illustrates the drug's distribution throughout the body. The rate of change in drug concentration in the central compartment is calculated by three exponents: absorption, distribution, and elimination.
The absorption exponent (ka) indicates the speed at which the drug...
172
Three-Compartment Open Model01:06

Three-Compartment Open Model

176
The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...
176
Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion01:15

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion

213
A two-compartment model is a vital tool in pharmacokinetics, providing an essential understanding of drug behavior, especially for those administered via zero-order intravenous infusion. This model outlines two compartments: the central compartment, where elimination occurs, and the peripheral compartment.
The model illustrates the decrease in plasma drug concentration from the central compartment with a specific equation. It shows that under steady-state conditions, the drug's input rate...
213
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.8K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
5.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems
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Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems

Published on: March 26, 2013

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Thermo-responsive aqueous two-phase system for two-level compartmentalization.

Huanqing Cui1, Yage Zhang2,3, Sihan Liu1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong (SAR), China.

Nature Communications
|August 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel two-level compartmentalization system using a temperature-responsive polymer and dextran. This synthetic cell system efficiently stores biomolecules and enhances reaction rates on demand.

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Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
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Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

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Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
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Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems
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Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems

Published on: March 26, 2013

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Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
12:07

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

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Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
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Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Biochemical engineering
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells exhibit complex hierarchical compartmentalization, crucial for biological functions.
  • Replicating such sophisticated compartmentalization in synthetic systems presents significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel two-level compartmentalization strategy for synthetic systems.
  • To create a stimulus-responsive system for spatiotemporal control of biomolecules.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a thermo-responsive aqueous two-phase system (TR-ATPS) composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and dextran (DEX).
  • Leveraged liquid-liquid phase separation and temperature changes (25 °C to 35 °C) to induce hierarchical compartmentalization.
  • Demonstrated storage and spatial programming of biomolecules and enzymes within the compartments.

Main Results:

  • Achieved hierarchical compartmentalization with PNIPAM-enriched liquid membraneless compartments and secondary compartments at the interface.
  • Showcased the system's ability to store biomolecules and control enzyme distribution.
  • Observed a significant acceleration of biochemical reaction efficiency by nearly 7-fold.

Conclusions:

  • The developed TR-ATPS provides an on-demand, stimulus-triggered method for spatiotemporal biomolecule enrichment.
  • This two-level compartmentalization approach offers promising opportunities for advancements in synthetic biology and biochemical engineering.