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Quintom cosmology and modified gravity after DESI 2024.

Yuhang Yang1, Xin Ren2, Qingqing Wang1

  • 1Department of Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Researches in Galaxies and Cosmology, School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China.

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This study reconstructs dark energy evolution using DESI data, revealing a "quintom-B" behavior where the dark energy equation-of-state parameter crosses -1. Certain modified gravity theories can explain this dynamic cosmic expansion.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Astrophysics
  • Theoretical Physics

Background:

  • The nature of dark energy remains a primary enigma in modern cosmology.
  • Understanding its equation-of-state parameter, w(z), is crucial for deciphering cosmic evolution.
  • Dynamical dark energy models offer potential explanations beyond the standard cosmological constant (ΛCDM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct the cosmological background evolution under dynamical dark energy scenarios.
  • To investigate the behavior of the dark energy equation-of-state parameter, w(z).
  • To explore the theoretical underpinnings of observed dark energy dynamics within modified gravity frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Gaussian process approach for cosmological background reconstruction.
  • Incorporating the latest Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data.
  • Combining DESI BAO data with other relevant cosmological observations.
  • Reconstructing actions for modified gravity theories: f(R), f(T), and f(Q) gravity.

Main Results:

  • The reconstructed dark energy equation-of-state parameter, w(z), exhibits "quintom-B" behavior.
  • This quintom-B behavior signifies a transition across w = -1, from a phantom to a quintessence-like regime.
  • Certain modified gravity models successfully reproduce this quintom dynamics and align with DESI data.
  • A mild preference for quadratic deviations from the standard ΛCDM model was observed across all investigated cases.

Conclusions:

  • The universe's expansion may be driven by a dynamical dark energy component exhibiting complex behavior.
  • Modified gravity theories, specifically certain f(R), f(T), and f(Q) gravity models, provide viable explanations for the observed dark energy dynamics.
  • The findings suggest that extensions to the standard ΛCDM model are potentially favored by current observational data, particularly from DESI.