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Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

Published on: January 18, 2018

How to trace etomidate in illegal E-cigarettes from authentic human hair: identification, quantification and

Wanting Xie^1,2, Liying Zhou¹, Jinting Liu¹

¹Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China.

Forensic Toxicology

|August 9, 2024

Summary

This study developed a rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method to detect etomidate (ET) and etomidate acid (ETA) in hair. The method successfully identified ET and ETA in samples from suspected illegal e-cigarette users, aiding public health efforts.

Keywords:

Etomidate Etomidate acid Hair Illegal E-cigarette UHPLC-MS/MS

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Area of Science:

Forensic Toxicology
Analytical Chemistry
Pharmacology

Background:

Abusive consumption of illegal e-cigarettes containing etomidate (ET) poses risks to public health.
A reliable method is needed for detecting ET and its metabolite etomidate acid (ETA) in biological samples.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish a rapid quantitative method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).
To enable targeted screening of etomidate (ET) and etomidate acid (ETA) in hair samples.

Main Methods:

Hair samples (20 mg) were processed with methanol and internal standard (ET-d5).
Analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).

Main Results:

The method achieved limits of detection (LOD) of 1 pg/mg for ET and 10 pg/mg for ETA.
High linearity (r > 0.997), accuracy (92.12–110.72%), and precision (intra-day and inter-day < 10.13%) were demonstrated.
Analyte recoveries ranged from 86.90% to 101.43%.

Conclusions:

The validated UHPLC-MS/MS method effectively detected ET and ETA in 105 hair samples from suspected users.
Positive results for ET (50 samples) and ETA (43 samples) highlight the method's utility.
This technique can aid in addressing illegal e-cigarette abuse and its public health implications.