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Brain-Charting Autism and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Reveals Distinct and Overlapping Neurobiology.

Saashi A Bedford1, Meng-Chuan Lai2, Michael V Lombardo3

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Autism and ADHD show distinct brain structure differences, with sex impacting autism neuroanatomy but not ADHD. These neurodevelopmental conditions have unique patterns, especially when co-occurring.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Autism (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are complex neurodevelopmental conditions with overlapping symptoms and sex biases.
  • Research on ASD and ADHD often overlooks sex differences and their co-occurrence.
  • Normative modeling offers a framework to study age- and sex-specific brain development in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize cortical anatomy in autism and ADHD using population modeling.
  • To examine sex and age influences on neuroanatomy in these conditions.
  • To explore the neuroanatomical patterns of co-occurring autism and ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized population modeling on a large, multisite neuroimaging dataset (N=4255).
  • Benchmarked findings against normative brain development models (N>75,000).
  • Analyzed cortical thickness, volume, and surface area, considering age, sex, and diagnostic status.

Main Results:

  • Autism associated with increased cortical thickness/volume in the superior temporal cortex.
  • ADHD linked to global cortical thickness increases but reduced volume/surface area.
  • Co-occurring autism+ADHD showed unique widespread cortical thickness increases and some surface area decreases.
  • Sex modulated autism neuroanatomy; age interacted with ADHD diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct cortical differences exist between autism and ADHD.
  • Age and sex differentially influence neuroanatomy in autism and ADHD.
  • Co-occurrence of autism and ADHD presents unique neuroanatomical patterns.