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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
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Bisphenol A exposure and thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy: A systematic review.

Yaqi Zhu1, Keqin Liu1, Jinjin Guo1

  • 1School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.

Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)
|August 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure during pregnancy may disrupt maternal thyroid hormone balance, potentially increasing hyperthyroidism risk. Further research is needed to understand BPA

Keywords:
BPAMaternal exposurePregnancySystematic reviewThyroid functionThyroid hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used phenolic chemical linked to various health issues.
  • Pregnancy involves significant hormonal fluctuations, making the maternal thyroid particularly vulnerable.
  • Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy can impact both maternal and fetal health.

Conclusions:

  • Bisphenol A exposure during pregnancy may negatively impact maternal thyroid function.
  • Findings suggest a potential link between BPA and an elevated risk of hyperthyroidism in pregnant individuals.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and confirm the effects of BPA on thyroid health in pregnancy.