Pentagalloyl glucose induces anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization - suppressing macrophage mediated vascular...

Background: Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a polyphenol with vasoprotective properties. Targeted delivery of PGG reversed aortic aneurysm growth in several rodent models associated with decreased number of macrophages and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression. Thus, we sought to determine cellular mechanisms by which PGG reduces macrophage-induced aortic pathogenicity and its relationship to TGF-β. Methods: Using THP-1 cells, primary human aortic cells, and explanted rat aortas, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of PGG. Expression of pro/anti-inflammatory macrophage markers was analyzed. Adhesion of monocytes as well as oxidative stress status, viability, and TGF-β expression after primary aortic cell exposure to macrophage-conditioned medium with and without PGG were assessed. The release of TGF-β was also examined in elastase-treated cultured rat aortas. Results: PGG pre-treatment of human aortic cell monolayers reduced the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes. PGG enhanced the expression of anti-inflammatory markers in THP-1-derived macrophages, and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as well as mitochondrial polarization. Conditioned medium from THP-1-derived macrophages induced reactive oxygen species, cell death, and TGF-β release from human aortic cells, which was suppressed by PGG. In explanted rat aortas, PGG reduced elastase mediated TGF-β release. Conclusions: Combining anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and oxidative effects, PGG has high cardiovascular therapeutic potential. We confirmed previous in vivo observations whereby PGG suppressed TGF-β response associated with disease resolution.