Effects of 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (6-MBOA) on animals: state of knowledge and open questions

6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (6-MBOA) is a secondary plant metabolite predominantly found in monocotyledonous plants, especially Gramineae. In damaged tissue, 2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA-Glc) is hydrolyzed to DIMBOA, which spontaneously decomposes into 6-MBOA. It is commonly detected in plants consumed by voles and livestock and can also be present in cereal-based products. Discovered in 1955, this compound is renowned for its ability to trigger animal reproduction. However, there is a lack of research on its functional and mechanistic properties, leaving much of their potential unexplored. This review aimed to comprehensively summarize the effects of 6-MBOA on animal reproduction and human health, as well as its defensive role against herbivores. Studies have shown that 6-MBOA effectively inhibits the digestion, development, growth, and reproduction of insects. 6-MBOA may act as a partial agonist of melatonin and exert a regulatory role in mammalian reproduction, resulting in either promoting or inhibiting effects. 6-MBOA has been theorized to possess anti-tumor, anti-AIDS, anti-anxiety, and weight-loss effects in humans. However, insufficient attention has been paid to its defense properties against mammalian herbivores, and the mechanisms underlying its effects on mammalian reproduction remain unclear. In addition, research on its impact on human health is still in its preliminary stages. The review emphasizes the need for further systematic and comprehensive research on 6-MBOA to fully understand its diverse functions. Elucidating the effects of 6-MBOA on animal reproduction, adaptation, and human health would advance our understanding of plant-herbivore coevolution and the influence of environmental factors on animal population dynamics. Furthermore, this knowledge could potentially promote its application in human health and animal husbandry.