Plant-nematode battle: engagement of complex signaling network

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are widely distributed and highly adaptable. To evade the invasion and infection of PPNs, plants initiate a series of defense responses. In turn, PPNs secrete effectors into the host tissues to suppress plant defense. In this ongoing battle between PPNs and plants, complex signal transduction processes are typically involved. This article aims to review the plant signaling network involved in host perception by the nematode, nematode perception, and downstream activation of plant defense signaling and how nematodes attempt to interfere with this network. Our goal is to establish a foundation for elucidating the signaling and regulatory mechanisms of plant-nematode interactions, and to provide insights and tools for developing PPN-resistant crops and technologies.