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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Transcription Initiation01:47

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
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Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

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Universal cold RNA phase transitions.

Paolo Rissone1, Aurélien Severino1, Isabel Pastor1

  • 1Small Biosystems Lab, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA folding transitions to misfolded structures at low temperatures due to ribose-water interactions. This cold RNA biochemistry impacts RNA function and evolution.

Keywords:
RNA in the coldRNA phase transitionscold RNA misfoldingsingle-RNA force spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) exhibits diverse structures and functions crucial for all life.
  • Understanding RNA folding under various conditions is key to deciphering its biological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate RNA folding landscapes at low temperatures using calorimetric force spectroscopy.
  • To explore the impact of temperature on RNA secondary structure stability and dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Calorimetric force spectroscopy was employed to study RNA folding.
  • Experiments were conducted under previously unexplored low-temperature conditions.

Main Results:

  • Watson-Crick RNA hairpins exhibit a glass-like transition below 0°C.
  • A significant change in heat capacity occurs, leading to diverse misfolded RNA structures.
  • Sequence-independent ribose-water interactions were found to dominate over sequence-dependent base pairing at low temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • Universal RNA phase transitions occur below a critical temperature (T_c).
  • Maximum RNA stability is observed at 4°C, correlating with maximum water density.
  • Cold denaturation of RNA occurs at low temperatures, suggesting a novel cold RNA biochemistry with potential evolutionary implications.